Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy Reviewer free essay sample

The unconscious stores all experiences, memories, and repressed materials. Anxiety – feeling of dread that results from repressed feelings, memories, desires, and experience that emerge to the surface of awareness. (reality [from external world, proportionate to the threat; ego], neurotic [fear that instincts will get out of hand; id], moral [fear of one’s own conscience; superego]) Ego-defense Mechanisms – coping with anxiety and prevent the ego from being overwhelmed; either deny or distort reality; operate on an unconscious level (e. g. repression, denial, reaction formation, projection, displacement, rationalization, sublimation, regression, introjections, identification, compensation) Ultimate goal: to increase adaptive functioning Reduction of symptoms Resolution of conflicts Freudian: to make the unconscious conscious and to strengthen the ego Oriented toward achieving insight Classical psychoanalysis: anonymous stance (blank-screen approach) Transference relationship – cornerstone of psychoanalysis, transfer of feelings originally experienced in an early relationship to other important people Engage in very little self-disclosure and maintain a sense of neutrality To help clients acquire the freedom to love, work, and play Help in achieving self-awareness, honesty, and more effective personal relationships; dealing with anxiety in a realistic way; and in gaining control over impulsive and irrational behavior Must establish a working relationship and do a great deal of listening and interpreting. We will write a custom essay sample on Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy Reviewer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 6 basic techniques: 1. Maintaining the analytic framework – whole range of procedural and stylistic factors (relative anonymity, neutrality and objectivity, etc. ) 2. Free association – clients are encouraged to say whatever comes to mind 3. Interpretation – analyst points out, explains and even teaches the client meanings of behavior manifested in dreams, free association, resistances, and the therapeutic relationship itself 4. Dream analysis –latent content, manifest content 5. Analysis of resistance – resistance is anything that works against the progress of therapy and prevents the client from producing previously unconscious material; any idea, attitude, feeling or action that fosters the status quo and gets in the way of change 6. Analysis of transference through the relationship with the therapist, clients express feelings, beliefs and desires they have buried in their unconscious; allows client to achieve a here-and-now insight Jungian Therapy We are not merely shaped by past events but that we are influenced by our future as well as our past. Part of the nature of humans is to be constantly developing, growing, and moving toward a balanced and complete level of development. Achieving individuation is an innate and primary goal. Midlife: we need to let go of many of the values and behaviors that guided the first half of our life and confront our unconscious. Individuation – the harmonious integration of the conscious and unconscious aspects of personality Unconscious – source of creativity Collective unconscious – deepest level of the psyche containing the accumulation of inherited experiences of human and prehuman species Archetypes – images of universal experiences contained in the collective unconscious Persona – mask Anima – femininity Animus – masculinity Shadow – dark side 2 functions of dreams: prospective and compensatory Increase client’s consciousness in order to move toward psychological balance and wholeness Bring relief and meaning to psychological suffering To examine the motivations in our thoughts and actions that lie beneath conscious awareness so as to achieve deeper and more long-lasting changes in the personality. Therapist and client are seen as more or less equals Dream analysis Creative expressions Adlerian Therapy Unity of personality, the need to view people from their subjective perspective, importance of life goals People are motivated by social interest and by finding goals to give life meaning. Humans are motivated primarily by social relatedness. Behavior is purposeful and goal-directed Consciousness rather than unconsciousness is the focus of therapy. Stressed choice and responsibility, meaning in life, and the striving for success, completion and perfection. Inferiority feelings – wellspring of creativity; motivate us to strive for mastery, success (superiority) and completion Life goal – unifies the personality and becomes the source of human motivation We have the capacity to interpret, influence and create events Subjective perception of reality – viewing the world from the client’s subjective frame of reference (phenomenological orientation) Individual psychology – unity and indivisibility of the person; stresses understanding the whole person in the context of his or her life: how all dimensions of a person are interconnected components Holistic concept – we cannot be understood in parts Fictional finalism – an imagined life goal that guides a person’s behavior; replaced with ‘guiding self-ideal’ and ‘goal of perfection’ Striving for significance and superiority – recognition of inferiority feelings and the consequent striving for perfection or mastery are innate Lifestyle – connecting themes and rules of interaction that give meaning to our actions; perceptions regarding self, others, and the world; includes the individuals characteristic way of thinking, feeling, acting, living and striving toward long-term goals Social interest – central indicator of mental health; being as concerned about others as one is about self; includes capacity to cooperate and contribute; identification and empathy with others Community feeling – social connectedness; feeling of being connected to all of humanity (past, present and future) and to being involved in making the world a better place 3 universal life tasks: so cial task (friendship), love-marriage task (intimacy), occupational task (society) Birth order and sibling relationship – 5 psychological positions or vantage points from which children to view life: oldest, second of only 2, middle, youngest, and only Increase the client’s social interest Decrease a sense of inferiority Change the lifestyle Change faulty motivation Tend to look for major mistakes in thinking and valuing Assume a non-pathological perspective; do not label clients with pathological diagnoses Assist clients in better understanding, challenging, and changing their life story. Make a comprehensive assessment of the client’s functioning thru family constellations, life tasks and early recollection The therapeutic process: 1. Forming a relationship based on mutual respect 2. Holistic psychological evaluation or lifestyle assessment 3. Disclosing mistaken goals and faulty assumptions 4. Reeducation or reorientation Phases of Adlerian Counseling: 1. Establish the proper therapeutic relationship 2. Explore the individual’s psychological dynamics (lifestyle investigation) subjective interview objective interview family constellation early recollections: stories of events that a person says occurred before he or she was 10 years of age; used as a projective technique 3. Encourage self-understanding and insight (developing self-understanding): insight: understanding of the motivations that operate in the client’s life possible only when hidden purposes and goals of behavior are made conscious disclosure and well-timed interpretations interpretation: deals with client’s underlying motives for behaving the way they do in the here and now 4. Reorientation and Reeducation Putting insights into practice Reorientation: involves shifting rules of interaction, process and motivation facilitated thru change in awareness Encouragement – most distinctive Adlerian procedure; entails showing faith in people, expecting them to assume responsibility for their lives, and valuing them for who they are Existential Therapy Essentially an experiential approach to counseling rather than a firm theoretical model Stresses core human conditions Interest is on the present and on what one is becoming The approach has a future orientation and stresses self-awareness before action Focuses on exploring themes such as mortality, meaning, freedom, responsibility, anxiety and aloneness Basic existential premise: we are not victims of circumstance because we are what we choose to be Existential traditions: seeks a balance between recognizing the limits and tragic dimensions of human existence on one hand and the possibilities of human life on the other Basic dimensions of human condition: 1. The capacity for self-awareness: freedom, choice and responsibility make up the foundation 2. Freedom and responsibility: freedom to become, capacity to reflect on the meaning of our choices, capacity to act on choices free to choose among alternatives freedom means we are responsible for our lives, for our actions and our failures to take action authenticity: we are living by being true to our own evalution of what is a valuable existence for ourselves inauthenticity: not accepting personal responsibility existential guilt: being aware of having evaded a commitment or having chosen not to choose 3. Striving for Identity and Relationship to others: People are concerned about preserving their uniqueness and centeredness but we also strive for connectedness: the courage to be (awareness of our finite nature); experience of aloneness (we cannot depend on anyone else for our own confirmation; that is, we alone must give a sense of meaning to life, and we alone must decide how we will live); we have to be able to stand alone before we can truly stand beside another. The experience of relatedness: when we are able to stand alone and tap into our own strength, our relationships with others are based on our fulfillment, not our deprivation. Struggling with our identity: doing mode to avoid the experience of being 4. The Search for Meaning Struggle for a sense of significance and purpose in life Task of the therapeutic process: to help clients create a value system based on a way of living that is consistent with their way of being Meaninglessness: major existential neurosis of modern life; can lead to emptiness and hollowness or ‘existential vacuum’ 5. Anxiety as a condition of living Existential anxiety: unavoidable result of being confronted with the givens of existence (death, freedom, choice, isolation and meaninglessness) 6. Awareness of Death and Nonbeing Awareness of death as a basic human condition gives significance to living Serves as a motivation for us to take advantage of appreciating the present moment Positive force that drives us to live as fully as possible Death and life are interdependent, and though physical death destroys us, the idea of death saves us. To assist clients in their exploration of the existential ‘givens of life’ Assist clients in moving toward authenticity and to recognize when they are deceiving themselves Help people to reclaim and reown their lives 4 essential aims: to help clients become more present to both themselves and others; to assist clients in identifying ways they block themselves from fuller presence; to challenge clients to assume responsibility for designing their present lives; to encourage clients to choose more expanded ways of being in their daily lives Central goal: increased awareness Understanding the subjective world of clients to help them come to new understandings and options. Assist the clients in seeing the ways in which they constrict their awareness and cost of such constrictions. Encourage experimentation Phases of counseling: Initial phase: definition of the client’s view of the world, perception of existence, examination of values, beliefs and assumptions Middle phase: self-exploration Final phase: learnings are put into action Person-Centered Therapy The client has the potential to become aware of problems and the means to resolve problems. Faith is placed in the client’s capacity for self-direction. Mental health is a congruence of ideal self and real self. Maladjustment is the result of a discrepancy between what one wants to be and what one is. In therapy, attention is given to the present moment and on experiencing and expressing feelings. People are essentially trustworthy. They have a vast potential for understanding themselves and resolving their own problems without direct intervention of the therapist’s part. Basic sense of trust in the client’s ability to move forward in a constructive manner if conditions fostering growth are present. People are trustworthy, resourceful, capable of self-understanding and self-direction, able to make constructive changes, and able to live effective and productive lives. Therapist attributes: Congruence (genuineness or realness) Unconditional positive regard Accurate empathic understanding Actualizing tendency: directional process of striving toward realization, fulfillment, autonomy and self-determination Mental health: congruence of ideal self and real self Maladjustment: result of discrepancy between what wants to be and what one is Achieving a greater degree of independence and integration. Assist clients in their growth process so clients can better cope with clients as they identify them. Provide a climate conducive to helping the individual strive toward self-actualization. To increasingly actualize: Openness to experience Trust in themselves Internal source of evaluation Willingness to continue growing Rooted in their ways of being and attitudes, not in techniques. Therapists use themselves as an instrument of change. To be present and accessible to clients and to focus on their immediate experience. Be congruent, accepting, and empathic to be a catalyst for change. Gestalt Therapy The person strives for wholeness and integration of thinking, feeling and behaving. Nondeterministic view. Person is viewed as having the capacity to recognize how earlier influences are related to present difficulties. Experiential approach: grounded on the here-and-now, emphasizes awareness, personal choice and responsibility Holism – gestalt means whole or completion or a form that cannot be separated into parts without losing its essence Field theory – organism must be seen in its environment or in its context Figure formation – how the individual organizes experience from moment to moment; foreground and background Organismic self-regulation – process by which equilibrium is disturbed by the emergence of a need, sensation, or interest and how the individual strives to maintain balance Paradoxical theory of change: authentic change occurs more from being who we are than from trying to be who we are not Phenomenological inquiry – paying attention to what is occurring now Unfinished business – when figures emerge from the background but are not completed and resolved, manifested in unexpressed feelings Contact – made by seeing, hearing, smelling, touching and moving; interacting with nature and with other people without losing one’s sense of individuality Resistances to contact – coping processes but often end up preventing us from experiencing the present in a full and real way Introjection Projection Retroflection – turning back onto ourselves what we would like to do to someone else or doing to ourselves what we would like someone else to do or for us Deflection: distracting or veering offs Confluence: blurring the differentiation between the self and the environment Assisting the client to attain greater awareness, and with it, greater choice. Awareness: knowing the environment, knowing oneself, accepting oneself, and being able to make contact Move toward awareness of themselves (client) Gradually assume ownership of experiences Develop skills and acquire values that will allow them to satisfy their needs without violating the rights of others Attitudes and behavior of the therapist count more than the techniques Therapist does not interpret for the clients but assists them in developing the means to make their own interpretations Experiments Internal dialogue – empty-chair technique Behavior therapy Focus is on directly observable behavior Present behavior is given attention Therapy is based on the principles of learning theory Normal behavior: reinforcement and imitation Abnormal behavior: faulty learning Person is the producer and product of the environment Current trend is on developing procedures that give control to clients and thus increase their range of freedom Goal is to overcome debilitating behaviors that restrict choices 7 Key Characteristics 1. Founded on scientific method and empirically derived principles 2. Behavior is not limited to overt actions 3. Deals with client’s current problems and the factors influencing them; functional assessment/behavioral analysis (looking at current environmental events that maintain problem behaviors) 4. Clients are expected to have an active role by engaging in specific actions to solve their problems. 5. Change can take place without insight into underlying dynamics and without understanding the origins of a psychological problem. 6. Assessment is an ongoing process of observation and self-monitoring. 7. Behavioral treatment interventions are individually tailored to specific problems experienced by the client. To eliminate maladaptive behaviors and learn more effective behaviors To identify factors that influence behavior and find out what can be done about problematic behavior To encourage clients to take an active and collaborative role in clearly setting treatment goals and evaluating how well these goals are being met Conduct a thorough functional assessment to identify maintaining conditions by systemically gathering information about situational antecedents (A), dimensions of the problem behavior (B) and the consequences of the problem (C) Therapist is active and directive and functions as a teacher or mentor Progressive Muscle Relaxation Systematic Desensitization Relaxation training Development of graduated anxiety hierarchy Systematic desensitization proper Exposure therapies In Vivo Exposure: client exposure to actual anxiety-evoking events rather than simply imagining these situations Flooding: exposure to anxiety-evoking stimuli for a prolonged period of time (in vivo flooding, imaginal flooding) Cognitive Behavior Therapy Cognitions are the major determinants of behavior. Psychoeducational model: therapy is a learning process Human beings are born with potential for both rational and irrational thinking. REBT: we learn irrational beliefs from significant others during childhood WE actively reinforce our self-defeating beliefs through auto-suggestion and repetition Blame: at the core of most emotional disturbances A-B-C framework: (A) Activating event - (B) Belief - (C) emotional Consequence - (D) Disputing intervention - (E) Effect - (F) new Feeling Cognitive restructuring: replacing irrational beliefs with rational beliefs Major goal of REBT: to encourage clients to be less emotionally reactive To teach clients how to separate evaluation of their behaviors from the evaluation of themselves To teach clients how to accept themselves in spite of their imperfections To teach clients to analyze and to correct their distortions of reality To teach clients to distinguish their irrational and rational beliefs To reduce or eliminate undesirable emotions 2 main goals: Achieve unconditional self-acceptance Achieve unconditional other acceptance Directive function Confronting the client Persuades and debates in attacking client’s self-defeating patterns ABC-DEF Theory of Behavior Disputing Cognitive: persuasion and direct questioning Imaginal: rational emotive imagery Behavioral: behaving in diff erent ways process: Detecting Debating Discriminating Cognitive restructuring Countering (should be direct opposite of irrational belief, believable, concise, assertive and emotional intensity, owned by clients) Rational self-analysis: repeated investigation and disputation of irrational beliefs Other cognitive techniques and methods: Bibliotherapy: self-help books Changing language Psychoeducation Using humor Role playing Shame-attacking exercise Emotionl control cards (inappropriate or appropriate feelings) Major behavioral techniques: Heightening awareness (numerical ratings and self-recording) Action homework Case Conceptualization and Treatment Planning Step 1: Assess patient concerns and difficulties Problem lists ABC’s of functional assessment: Antecedents, Behaviors, short-term and long-term consequences Clinical hypotheses and treatment plan Identifying possible treatment obstacles Goal-setting Goals should be SMART Broad goals - prioritize - break into smaller steps - operationalize (define, steps to be taken) Reality Therapy We need quality relationships to be happy. Choice theory is the theoretical basis Unhappiness results from the way we choose to behave Psychological problems are the result of our resisting the control by others or of our attempt to control others. We are born with 5 genetically encoded needs: Survival Love and belongingness needs Power Freedom Fun Quality world – file of wants, our personal Shangri-la Picture album of specific wants as well as precise ways to satisfy these wants Total behavior (thinking, feeling, acting, and physiology) – best attempt to get what we want and to satisfy our needs The emphasis is what clients can control in their relationships: the only person you can control is yourself To help clients get connected or reconnected with the people they have chosen to put in their quality world To help clients learn better ways of fulfilling all of their needs Assist clients in making more effective and responsible choices related to their wants and needs To serve as mentors or teachers Teach clients how to engage in self-evaluation by raising the question, â€Å"is what you are choosing to do getting you what you want and need? † To challenge clients to examine what they are doing Assist clients in evaluating their own behavioral direction, specific actions, wants, perceptions, level of commitment, possibilities for new directions, and action plans Con vey the idea that no matter how bad things are, there is hope Cycle of counseling: creating the counseling environment and implementing specific procedures that lead to changes in behavior The WDEP system: Wants (exploring wants, needs, and perceptions) Directing and doing (learning better ways to get what they want) Self-evaluation (cornerstone of reality therapy, involves the client examining behavioral direction, specific actions, wants, perceptions, new directions, and plans) Planning and action Feminist Theory Constructs include being gender-fair, flexible, interactionist and life-span-oriented Gender and power are at the heart of feminist therapy Systems approach that recognizes that social, cultural, and political factors that contribute to an individual’s problem The personal is political Therapists have a commitment to social change Women’s voices and ways of knowing are valued and women’s experiences are honored The counseling relationship is egalitarian Therapy focuses on strength and a reformulated definition of psychological distress All types of oppression are recognized To bring about transformation both in the individual client and in society To assist clients in recognizing, claiming, and using their personal power to free themselves from the limitations of gender-role socialization To confront all forms of institutional policies that discriminate or oppress on any basis Therapeutic relationship is based on empowerment and egalitarianism Actively breaks down the hierarchy of power and reduce artificial barriers by engaging in appropriate self-disclosure and teaching clients about the therapy process Strive to create a collaborative relationship Empowerment Self-disclosure Gender-role analysis Gender-role intervention Power analysis Bibliotherapy Assertiveness training Reframing and relabeling Social action Postmodern approaches: Solution-focused brief therapy Future-focused, goal-oriented therapeutic approach to brief therapy Emphasizes strengths and resiliencies of people by focusing on exceptions to their problems Unique focus: what is possible Behavior change is viewed as the most effective approach to assisting people in enhancing their lives No necessary relationship between the causes of the problems and their solutions Positive orientation: people are healthy and competent and have the ability to construct solutions that can enhance their lives Changing the viewing of a situation or a frame of reference Changing the doing of the problematic situation Tapping the client’s strengths and resources Client-as-expert To point the clients in the direction of change without dictating what to change Strive to create a climate of mutual respect, dialogue, and affirmation in which clients experience the freedom to create, explore, and coauthor their evolving stories Helping clients imagine how they would like life to be different and what it would take to make this transformation Ask questions 4 steps that characterize SFBT: Find out what clients want rather than what they do not want Do not look for pathology If what clients are doing is not working, encourage them to experiment with doing something different Keep therapy brief by approaching each session as if it were the last and only session Steps involved in solution building: Problem Goals Exceptions Feedback, encouragement, suggestion Evaluate progress Pretherapy change: what clients have already done to elicit positive change; â€Å"What have you done since you called for the appointment that has made a difference in your problem? † Exception questions: when the problem did not exist or was not as intense The miracle question: â€Å"If a miracle happened and your problem was solved overnight, how would you know it was solved, and what would be different? †; hypothetical solutions, rests on the assumption that changing the doing and viewing of the perceived problem changes the problem; opens up a range of future possibilities Scaling questions: enables clients to play closer attention to what they are doing now and how they can take steps to achieve desired goals Formula first session task – elicits hope that change is inevitable Therapist feedback to client: compliments, bridge, suggesting a task (homework) Terminating: ultimate goal of therapy Postmodern approaches: Narrative Therapy Individuals construct the meaning of life in interpretive stories, which are then treated as ‘truth’. Focus: listening respectfully to client’s stories; search for a time in client’s lives when they were resourceful; to use questions as a way to engage clients and facilitate their exploration; to avoid diagnosing and labeling clients or accept a totalizing description based on a problem; to assist clients in separating themselves from the dominant stories they have internalized Role of stories: shape reality in that they construct and constitute what we say, feel, and do; the stories we live by grow out of conversations in a social and cultural context Listening with an open mind – normalizing judgment: any kind of judgment that locates a person on a normal curve and is used to assess intelligence, mental health, or normal behavior; avoid totalizing language (labels) To invite people to describe their experience in a fresh and new language This new language enables clients to develop new meanings for problematic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors Active facilitato rs Help clients construct a preferred storyline Understanding the client’s lived experiences and de-emphasize efforts to predict, interpret and pathologize Renaming the problem Externalizing the problem (separates the person from identification with the problem); externalizing conversation Searching for hopeful exceptions to the problem (unique outcomes) – moments of choice or success regarding the problem Alternative stories and reauthoring – constructing new stories, possibility questions Family Systems Therapy The family is viewed from an interactive and systemic perspective. Clients are connected to a living system; change in one part of the system will result in change in other parts The family provides the context for understanding how individuals function in relationship to others and how they behave Treatment deals with family unit An individual’s dysfunctional behavior grows out of the interactional unit of the family and out of larger systems as well Focus is on communication patterns within a family, both verbal and nonverbal. Problems in relationship are passed on from generation to generation. Symptoms are often viewed as an expression of a set of habits and patterns within a family Multigenerational family therapy: A predictable pattern of interpersonal relationships connects the functioning of family members across generations Emotional problems will be transmitted from one generation to another if not resolved or dealt with effectively Triangulation: triads that result in a two-against one experience Differentiation: psychological separation of intellect and emotion and independence of the self from others Human Validation Process Emphasis on family communication Strong, nurturing relationship Four communications stance: blaming, placating, super reasonable, irrelevance Antidote: congruence Experiential family therapy Choice, self-determination, growth, and actualization Goal was not to eliminate anxiety in the family but to maintain or enhance it so that it would serve as motivation for change Structural-strategic family therapy An individual’s symptoms are best understood from the vantage point of interactional patterns, or sequences, within a family Structural changes must occur in a family before an individual’s symptoms can be reduced or eliminated Goals are two-fold: reduce symptoms and dysfunction; bring about structural change within the system To help family members gain awareness of patterns of relationships that are not working well To create new ways of interacting Teacher, coach, model and consultant Genograms Teaching Asking questions Joining the family Tracking sequences Issuing directives Use of countertransfernce Family mapping Reframing Restructuring Enactments Setting boundaries

Assignment One Law Example

Assignment One Law Example Assignment One Law – Case Study Example Court vs. Tribunal Courts are a legal mechanism established to solve disputes and assist in interpreting the law. On the other hand, tribunals refer to an individual or an institutional granted the authority to adjudicate or settle disputes (Cownie, Bradney Burton, Mandy and Bradney, Anthony, â€Å"English Legal System in Context,† Sixth edition. (UK: Oxford University Press, 2013): 65.

Western Australia economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Western Australia economy - Essay Example The economy of Western Australia is rich in resources.The development of economy of this State has been highly influenced by resources boom since 1890s.During the past few years,the industry of Western Australia’s resources had enjoyed excellent conditions instigated by its prevailing commodities’ demand in the international market The objective of this paper is to evaluate the probable effect of the commodity market boom in the Western Australian economy’s sector of the iron ore. The iron ore production in the Western Australian economy explicates 97% of total production in Australia. Most of the iron ore produced in Australia is predominantly exported to Asian market. Following the speedy growth during the last ten years in mainland China, Australian iron ore’s export market has significantly developed in China. This information is evident from the export amount in the year 2010 that amounted to 70 percent of the total iron ore in Australia. The followin g diagram represents the export figures of iron ore from Australia to the Asian market as compared to the rest of the world2. Source: 2. Effect of Increase in Demand for Iron-Ore in Western Australian Economy The production factor of iron ore in the Western Australian economy is primarily dependent on the demand prevailing in the Chinese market for iron ore. Development in the Chinese construction and industry sector is the major cause of increased demand of iron ore in China. As a result of the demand prevailing in China for iron ore with the expectations of even higher demand in the near future, the prices in the Australian iron ore will attain all time high this year, i.e., in 2011. According to the market expectations in Australia, the spot market price on an average for iron ore in the year 2011 would increase to US$153-US$154 from US$146 in the year 2010. The expected price increase for iron ore is generated by the steel output in higher amount due to increasing demand in the growing economy of China3. Source:4 The above figure illustrates the production of crude steel on a monthly basis in different countries. The illustration reveals that the steel production in China has been the highest compared to other countries of the world. From meeting up the demand for iron ore from the Asian market, especially China, Australian manufacturers are producing iron ore by utilizing their maximum capacity for exports. In this scenario, production of the optimum level of output for satisfying the international market’s demand is a matter of concern for the Australian manufacturers of iron ore. As the demand at present in the Asian market is expected to remain constant or even increase in the coming 15 years, the only concern for Australian market is to bank upon the amount of production5. The theory of isoquants and isocosts is applicable for this Australian scenario regarding the production of the optimum quality pertaining to the prevailing demand in the Asi an market. A clearer prospect of the theories can be evolved after explanation of the input requirements in the commodity production with reference to the input demand and prices. The most important inputs for production of iron-ore in Australia are capital and labor. As the concern for the Australian market is to produce maximum amount of iron ore through finding the optimum combination of the inputs required for production, implementation of the concept of isoquants would be most helpful for the economy. An isoquant is that curve which depicts all efficient combination of inputs such as capital and labor by considering their technological efficiency. The quantity to be produced remains constant, but the combinations of

Analysis of Hiibel Vs. Nevada Case Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of Hiibel Vs. Nevada Case - Term Paper Example In Hiibel vs. Nevada, the court held that the stop and identify laws of Nevada does not violate the Fourth and Fifth Amendment of the constitution, which protects a person against detention or when a person faces the threat of being apprehended (Hibbel v. Nevada†¦). Thus the majority of the court supported the fact that stopping a person and asking for identity did not violate the Fourth and Fifth Amendment when circumstances showed that there is a probable cause to believe that the accused may have committed a crime and the accused was not in danger of being apprehended by disclosing his identity. The dissent showed that some judges opined otherwise. In Terry vs. Ohio, the court held that police officers can stop and search a person even when there is no probable cause and there is reasonable suspicion. In such case, the search won’t violate the Fourth Amendment. Whereas, in Brown vs. Texas it was held that Texas’s stop and identify law was unconstitutional as it violated the Fourth Amendment. Though, Brown vs. Texas seems to be going against the decision of the previous two cases but it is actually not so. The Texas law declared every person a criminal who does not identify himself. It does not exclude the person against whom there is no reasonable suspicion or probable cause, and this makes it unconstitutional. On the other hand, Hiibel vs. Nevada and Terry vs. Ohio had probable cause and reasonable cause respectively. Thus, the law derived through the dissent is, when there is probable cause and reasonable cause the application of stop and identify laws by the officer will be absolutely legal and when it not the re it will be illegal. The dissent also makes it clear that on the same condition the stop and identify laws of the state will be valid or invalid.

In The News Week 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

In The News Week 5 - Essay Example In times of economic recession, businesses are mostly facing such situations as they are not able to gain the required profits from all their business units operating locally and at the global level. The closure of three units currently would affect the economic cycle of Wales greatly but Unilever as an organization is facing the effects of recession and therefore has to take such steps of downsizing and closures of factories in certain areas (Wright, 2012). Business shuts down some factories by reviewing their profits and losses. The main reason for business shutdowns are due to the fact that their marginal revenue is below their average variable cost. The analysis is done based upon whether the particular factory is adding on to the profits or is allowing it to be an expense for the organization. Such decisions need to be carefully reviewed by the managers before giving the final verdict as shut down decisions allows the unemployment rate to increase for the economy. The organization also has to face charges against being not a corporate socially responsible organization as shutting down factories in between work operations impacts the work force tremendously. The shutdown of business leads the workforce to be in a stressful situation as their source of income and medical facilities are impacted due to loss of jobs. Along with impacting the economy, this further affects the family life of the employees. The managers need to disclose the news on an immediate basis and with full honesty and sincerity. The clear picture should be told to the employees so that they don’t have doubts about any prevailing or future circumstances taking place in the organization. The managers should let the employees reveal their emotional response without getting agitated or frustrated. The emotional responses of employees may be through showing anger, depression, and insecurity so on and so forth. The managers should console

The Third And Final Continent Essay

The Third And Final Continent Essay The character I have chosen for analysis from Jhumpa Lahiri short story, The Third and Final Continent, is the narrator, a very dynamic character who adapts to the traditions and lifestyles of the continents he travels to especially America. The narrator exhibits the most characteristics than any other character in the story because he is talking about his life and the actions that he takes when encountering a certain obstacle. The narrator also shows the most change than any other character. Living from one continent to another continent and then to another continent again can dramatically change how a person lives, thinks, and even eat. Despite all the changes that he experiences he still retains some traditions from his culture of origin with the help of a stranger that he meets. This is a positive characteristic that distinguishes the narrator from any other character in the story. The narrators life contrasts somewhat to other immigrants because they must all undergo a certain t ype of change and must worry about the passing of traditions to their American born children. The life of the narrator is a clear example of what most immigrants must go through when living in a new continent. The tone of the narrator sounds somewhat non enthusiastic or plain due to the fact that both of his parents have passed away. He shows strong love and respect for his parents. Before we cremated her I had cleaned each of her fingernails with a hairpin. I had assumed the role of eldest son, and had touched the flame to her temple; to release her tormented soul to heaven (Jhumpa Lahiri 654). The narrator is also a very well educated man, a graduate from LSE (London School of Economics), and he also has a knack for learning new things. I attended lectures at LSE. I read every article and advertisement, so I would grow familiar with things, and when my eyes grew tired I slept (Lahiri 650-651). The narrator faces an internal conflict: how can he be a modern American Indian and retain some of the old traditional Indian ways at the same time? His quest continues with the birth of his son, afraid that his son will forget his Indian traditions. So we drive to Cambridge to visit him, or bring him home for a weekend, so that he can eat rice with us with his hands, and speak in Bengali, things we sometimes worry he will no longer do after we die (Lahiri 662). The narrator tells to his son the journey of himself surviving in three totally different continents as a way for his son to gain the morale that he needs to overcome any obstacle. There is evidence in the story which suggest that the narrator is trying to find solutions for his problem because he tries to retain some of his old traditional ways by eating egg curry and walking barefoot in the house and being modern by telling his wife that she does not have to wear her sari all the time. And took turns cooking pots of egg cur ry, which we ate with our hands on a table covered with newspapers (Lahiri 650). There is no need to cover you head, I said. I dont mind. It doesnt matter here (Lahiri 660). Cooking egg curry is his main way of keeping Indian tradition alive. He cooks egg curry in India, in the crowded room in London, and even in his new home in America. He can never abandon his roots and obeys every aspect of his Indian culture. I regarded the proposition with neither objection nor enthusiasm. It was a duty expected of me, as it was expected of every man (Lahiri 654). The neutral remarks that he makes towards his arrange marriage shows that he is a very religious man, keeping alive some aspect of his tradition to allow him to survive the toughest of times. The narrator is astounded when he finds out from Mrs. Crofts daughter Helen that his land lady is over a century years old. I was mortified. I had assumed Mrs. Croft was in her eighties, perhaps as old as ninety (Lahiri 657). He could not bare the fact of a widow living all alone by herself because he once had close encounters with a widow before which drove her insane, his mother. Widowhood had driven my own mother insane. What pained me the most was to see her so unguarded And so it was my job to sit by mothers feet (Lahiri 657). When he realizes that Mrs. Croft is very old and also a widow for so long he starts to take care of her as if she was his own mother. At times I came downstairs before going to sleep, to make sure she was sitting upright on the bench, or was safe I her bedroom (Lahiri 658). This shows the narrators strong bond between stranger and stranger which later strengthens his relationship with Mala. His encounters with his land lady, Mrs. Croft guided him with his new life in America. He shows admiration for Mrs. Croft because she has survived for so long while keeping all of her old traditions intact and passing them on to her children. She added that it was also improper for a lady of Helens station to reveal her age and to wear a dress so high above the ankle (Lahiri 657). This paves the way for how the narrator should live his life and teach his son about Indian traditions. Mrs. Croft also symbolizes the narrators mother saying that Maya is a perfect lady! (Lahiri 662), as though she is approving of Maya to be the narrators wife. For immigrants, the challenges of exile, the loneliness, the constant sense of alienation, the knowledge of and longing for a lost world, are more explicit and distressing than for their children. On the other hand, the problem for the children of immigrants, those with strong ties to their country of origin, is that they feel neither one thing nor the other (Lahiri 663-664). This quote from Lahiri herself is basically what the theme of The Third and Final Continent is all about. It strongly interprets the narrators character in the story as an immigrant and the emotions that he feels when he enters a new country. It also explains the inner conflict in which he is trying to overcome of being a modern Indian and a traditional Indian at the same time, while explaining to his son how important it is to keep a little bit of tradition alive within you. Although not every immigrants life in America can relate to the narrators, it is true however that they all must undergo some type of chan ge when living in a new country for the very first time. Works Citied Lahiri, Jhumpa. Chapter 20/Fiction For Further Reading. Literature Reading, Reacting, Writing. 7th ed. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2010. 650-64. Print.

Correctional Design Essay -- Research Desing

This paper will exam aspects of correlational design. According to Fabiano-Smith (2011), correlational designs are non-experimental research designs that focus on observing variables as they naturally exist. Since this design type is non-experimental, one of its major disadvantages is the focus on the relationship of the variables and not is cause and effect between the variables. Despite this weakness, correlational design does have several strengths. It observes the variables as they occur in a natural setting without manipulation. Researchers often use the initial establishment of correlational relationships between variables to identify what variables should be further studied for cause and effect utilizing experimental designs. Why was correlational design chosen? Two of the three studies chosen indicated that there was very little empirical data available for their specific area of study. Establishing correlational relationships is a logical way to identify independent variables for experimental cause and effect research. McDuffie, Yoder, and Stone (2005) indicated that there was no empirical data available on their study of autism and pre-linguistic predictors of vocabulary. Researchers on the effectiveness of patient communications and interactions reported that previous studies did not specifically ask patients how they felt about their care (Shelton & Shryock 2007). Both of these statements make the choice of a correlational study the obvious jumping off point for research. The third study identified a need to clarify symbolic play as a possible independent variable since past studies had lumped symbolic and functional play into a category together (O’Toole & Chiat, 2006). Was it possible to use a... ...sly used APA, and the educational year first exposed to APA. The dependant variable would be the APA portion of the grade on papers. If a correlation is shown between low comfort level or exposure and low grades it might be possible to have the students pre-identified via a survey for either self enrollment in APA style tutorial classes or self study on the APA citation method. A correlational between year of first exposure and low grades might indicate that APA needs to be stressed more in earlier writing classes. If no correlation is found, students who self identify as not very familiar with or comfortable with this writing style could then be pointed towards APA study resources earlier in the semester to catch up. This study could help students get ahead with their knowledge base so they are not learning and correcting while writing actual graded papers.

Charles Darwin and the Theory of Evolution Essay

In the 1850s, Charles Darwin proposed his theory of evolution. His theory proposed that species evolved gradually through subtle changes from one generation to the next by means of natural selection. By natural selection, the most desirable hereditary traits become more common from one generation to the next while the less desirable, weaker traits die out. This gives rise to an organism that is more capable—fitted to—of surviving in the surrounding environment. At the time Darwin formulated his idea beginning with his trip on the HMS Beagle in the 1830s, some scientists resorted to the idea that God had preordained life by natural laws rather than by miraculous feats. While logical and correct, the idea still refers to a divine power, indicating a religious bent, so perhaps it was obvious that the ideas addressed could lead to religious controversy. As is common in science, Darwin’s concept arose from ideas garnered from a number of scientists of his time. Some researchers of the time believed that natural laws were responsible for life. While Darwin’s ideas did not account for the processes believed to account for life at the time, there was a theory at the time thought to account for life. Most thought that species were transmuted from one species into another. The problem with transmutation, an idea that is similar to evolution in some respects, is that a species may change through transmutation, but it will still be the same species. A dog may change into a different type of dog, but it will still be a dog; likewise, for a cat or any other species. Evolution dictates that the entire animal kingdom can grow through stages from one species into another over time. Birds came from reptiles, mammals came from birds and humans came from non-humans. (Lewontin, 1981) The data is unequivocal. During his voyage on HMS Beagle, Darwin found fossil remains of gigantic mammals that were recently extinct with no indication that their extinction had been caused by climate changes or catastrophic events. Although he believed that the remains he found were related to species in Africa or Europe, examination of the remains Darwin found showed that they were only related to other species found only in the Americas. Creationists insist that life came about from God in six days. While most evolutionists attack creationism on the grounds of scientific facts, there is another line of evidence virtually unnoticed by those who support evolution theory. Historians and archeologists have learned that the biblical story of creation came from the myths of another culture. Stories presented in the Bible evolved slowly over time, long before religions existed, and incorporated tales from many cultures. The story of the Garden of Eden, the serpent and the Tree of Life, for example, are said to have been depicted on an Akkadian Cylinder Seal nearly 2500 years before Christ. The serpent itself was viewed as a deity. Notice: â€Å"No one familiar with the mythologies of the primitive, ancient, and Oriental worlds can turn to the Bible without recognizing counterparts on every page, transformed, however, to render an argument contrary to the older faiths. In Eve’s scene at the tree, for example, nothing is said to indicate that the serpent who appeared and spoke to her was a deity in his own right, who had been revered in the Levant for at least seven thousand years before the composition of the Book of Genesis. There is in the Louvre a carved green steatite vase, inscribed c. 025 BC by King Gudaea of Lagash, dedicated to a late Sumerian manifestation of this consort of the goddess, under his title Ningizzida, ‘Lord of the Tree of Truth. ‘† p. 9. â€Å"The Serpent’s Bride. † Joseph Campbell. Occidental Mythology, The Masks of God. Arkana. New York. Viking Penguin Books. 1964, 1991 reprint The information in the Old T estament dates from about 1450 BC until 200 BC. This means that, contrary to the strongly held beliefs of most Christians, the creation story of Genesis is actually derived from the myths of ancient Sumerians. Therefore, the story is a myth. This means that those who against Darwin’s ideas on religious grounds based on their beliefs in the accuracy of the story in Genesis have unknowingly chosen to accept myth over facts. While they believe the myth to be factual, archeological evidence demonstrates otherwise. The scientific evidence leans heavily in support of Darwin’s ideas. While we may not fully understand some aspects behind the mechanism of evolution, we are continuously learning more about those mechanisms. (Dobzhansky, 1973) Dobzhansky states: Let me try to make crystal clear what is established beyond reasonable doubt, and what needs further study, about evolution. Evolution as a process that has always gone on in the history of the earth can be doubted only by those who are ignorant of the evidence or are resistant to evidence, owing to emotional blocks or to plain bigotry. By contrast, the mechanisms that bring evolution about certainly need study and clarification. There are no alternatives to evolution as history that can withstand critical examination. Yet we are constantly learning new and important facts about evolutionary mechanisms. Theodosius Dobzhansky, â€Å"Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in Light of Evolution†, American Biology Teacher vol. 35 (March 1973) reprinted in Evolution versus Creationism, J. Peter Zetterberg ed. , ORYX Press, Phoenix AZ 1983. Darwin (1859) believed that whales evolved from bears based on a scenario where selective pressures might cause this evolution, but he was criticized for this idea and removed the suggestion. Gould, 1995) Today, there is much more fossil evidence for the evolution of many species thus supporting the idea of evolution as a general biological principle, including the evolution of whales from lower animals. Evidence in support of evolution exists at many levels. There is paleontological evidence based on fossils, morphological evidence that relate the body morphology of higher animals to lower animals, evidence from molecular biology and from embryology. Added to this, the chronological picture that results is consistent with other lines of evidence. For example, the evidence for the evolution of whales from lower animals is convincing. Whales have been closely studied with respect to evolution. If evolution is valid, transitional stages from one level of evolution to another should exist. Although the fossil remains of whales spotty for a long time, recent fossil discoveries have more than adequately lent support to the concept of evolution for whales. Researchers state that independent lines of evidence from different disciplines confirm the pattern of evolution in whales. John Ray recognized that whales were mammals rather than fish in 1693 based on their similarity to terrestrial mammals. (Barnes, 1984) In 1883, Flower (see Barnes, 1984) found that whales had vestigial characteristics in common with terrestrial mammals just as humans have vestigial tails, the coccyx. Findings similar to these led to the concept of ‘ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny. ’ This concept is briefly explained in further detail below. Flower (1883) recognized that the whales have persistent rudimentary and vestigial features characteristic of terrestrial mammals, thus confirming that the direction of descent was from terrestrial to marine species. On the basis of morphology, Flower also linked whales with the ungulates; he seems to have been the first person to do so. Today, we know that whales have vestigial features in common with lower animals. For example, they have vestigial olfactory nerve, protruding hind limbs, pelvic fins and diaphragms. Like humans, during embryological development, whales develop features similar to lower animals and abandon them as development progresses. During their development, there is also evidence that whales have terrestrial ancestors. Some whales even develop hair while in the womb although they do not retain it. In 1985, Goodman et al. demonstrated that whales are more closely related to ungulates than to other animals. (Goodman, 1985; Miyamoto and Goodman, 1986) Some studies have identified genes, enzymes and other proteins that connect whales to extinct animals. (Irwin et al. 991; Irwin and Arnason, 1994; Milinkovitch, 1992; Graur and Higgins, 1994; Gatesy et al, 1996; Shimamura et al. , 1997) We have already noted above that the creation story in the Bible was taken from the text of an ancient culture that predates the Hebrew account. Rather than to openly acknowledge that the Bible’s story of creation is a mythical legend that explains evolution and the appearance of life on ea rth, some religious groups resort to far-fetched, fictitious, generally ridiculous concepts such as ‘creationism’, ‘creation science’ and ‘intelligent design’ to dismiss or explain away the science and replace it with fantasy. Embryology and developmental biology have a concept, ‘ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny’, that simplifies and briefly but succinctly expresses the concepts presented in the first chapter of Genesis. This is like explaining a complicated scientific concept, take conception and birth for example, to a little child by using a fairy tale rather than detailed research information. The fairy tale is not accurate, but the general information it communicates is true. With this single phrase, the first chapter of Genesis is summarized and explained. The phrase means that the embryological processes of development, ontogeny, depict and encapsulate the evolutionary history of the species, phylogeny. For example, during development of the human embryo, the fetus briefly has gills and a tail like its phylogenetic ancestors. In other words, during development, the developing embryo goes through some of the same stages that humans went through as the species developed from lower animals to humans. The concept makes perfect sense and explains many aspects of human development. Obviously, we cannot provide a comprehensive review of the evidence support evolution in a few pages, and we certainly cannot provide realistic evidence against it in light of all that exists to support it. While the evidence in support of the evolution of whales is plentiful, much evidence exists for evolution in general, including in humans. As has been reported here, the evidence is not just from scientific research, but also from archeology and history. That evidence shows, among other things, that the biblical story of creation in Genesis predates the Bible by hundreds of years. Despite all the evidence in support of evolution and against the idea of the biblical creation as being anything more than a myth, we can be certain that the argument in support of the biblical creation as being the real story and representing the real facts will not go away. Humans being what we are, we will always be faced with living with the Genesis myth as if it were fact, and coping with those who insist that the earth all the universe was created in six literal days. That concept certainly will never go away no matter what facts exist to disprove it.

Free Essays on History Of Walt Disney

The History of Walt Disney1901-1966 The Beginning Years†¦. Legal Name was Walt Elias Disney. Born on December 5,1901 in Chicago, Illinois Parents name: Elias Disney and Flora Call Disney. The fourth child of five born in family. Moved to Marceline, Missouri when Walt was six years old. Walt’s Adolescent Years†¦ In 1910 family moved to Kansas City where Walt enrolled in art classes. In 1917, family moved back to Chicago where Walt joined Red Cross Unit for nine months as a ambulance driver in France at the end of World War I. In 1919 joined the staff of the Kansas City Film Advertising. The Animation Begins†¦ Walt and Ubbe Iwerks, a colleague formed their own company called Laugh-O-Gram Films. In 1923, Walt Disney moved to California and began Walt Disney Production with his brother Roy and colleague Ubbe Iwerks. In 1927 Walt produced â€Å"SteamBoat Willie†. First cartoon to use synchronized sound. In 1928 Walt created â€Å"Mickey Mouse† by using his own voice. The Animation Continues†¦ The first film series called â€Å"Silly Symphonies† was introduced in 1929 and used in color in 1932. In the 1930’s â€Å"Three Little Pigs† and â€Å"The Tortoise and the Hare† were made and won Walt Academy Awards. Also, in the 1930’s the creation of Donald Duck, Pluto, Minnie Mouse, and Goofy brought Walt fame and success. Some of Walt’s Creative Film Successes Snow White and Seven Dwarfs(1937) Pinocchio and Fantasia (1940) Dumbo (1941) Bambi (1942) Song of the South (1946) Treasure Island (1950) Alice in Wonderland (1951) Peter Pan (1953) 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954) Mary Poppins (1964) The Jungle Book (1967) Walt Disney won a record 32 Academy Awards for his technical innovations ideas in film. He also pioneered the production of feature films for television. Some of the films appeared on his weekly series, â€Å"The Mickey Mouse Club† from 1955- 1959 and on â€Å"Walt Disney’s Wonderful W... Free Essays on History Of Walt Disney Free Essays on History Of Walt Disney The History of Walt Disney1901-1966 The Beginning Years†¦. Legal Name was Walt Elias Disney. Born on December 5,1901 in Chicago, Illinois Parents name: Elias Disney and Flora Call Disney. The fourth child of five born in family. Moved to Marceline, Missouri when Walt was six years old. Walt’s Adolescent Years†¦ In 1910 family moved to Kansas City where Walt enrolled in art classes. In 1917, family moved back to Chicago where Walt joined Red Cross Unit for nine months as a ambulance driver in France at the end of World War I. In 1919 joined the staff of the Kansas City Film Advertising. The Animation Begins†¦ Walt and Ubbe Iwerks, a colleague formed their own company called Laugh-O-Gram Films. In 1923, Walt Disney moved to California and began Walt Disney Production with his brother Roy and colleague Ubbe Iwerks. In 1927 Walt produced â€Å"SteamBoat Willie†. First cartoon to use synchronized sound. In 1928 Walt created â€Å"Mickey Mouse† by using his own voice. The Animation Continues†¦ The first film series called â€Å"Silly Symphonies† was introduced in 1929 and used in color in 1932. In the 1930’s â€Å"Three Little Pigs† and â€Å"The Tortoise and the Hare† were made and won Walt Academy Awards. Also, in the 1930’s the creation of Donald Duck, Pluto, Minnie Mouse, and Goofy brought Walt fame and success. Some of Walt’s Creative Film Successes Snow White and Seven Dwarfs(1937) Pinocchio and Fantasia (1940) Dumbo (1941) Bambi (1942) Song of the South (1946) Treasure Island (1950) Alice in Wonderland (1951) Peter Pan (1953) 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954) Mary Poppins (1964) The Jungle Book (1967) Walt Disney won a record 32 Academy Awards for his technical innovations ideas in film. He also pioneered the production of feature films for television. Some of the films appeared on his weekly series, â€Å"The Mickey Mouse Club† from 1955- 1959 and on â€Å"Walt Disney’s Wonderful W...

Arming Airline Pilots essays

Arming Airline Pilots essays Arming Airline Pilots: A Good Solution to a Bad Problem Following September 11th, the nation began questioning the safety of the crew and passengers aboard its airlines flights. Many solutions were proposed, including the very controversial issue of arming cockpit crews with firearms. Commercial airline pilots should be armed because they work in the most crucial portion to the safe operation of an aircraft, the cockpit. If you really think hard enough about it, anything on board an aircraft can become a weapon. A beverage cart, a seat belt strap, even a soda can. The Obvious Solution states: My 10 year old son thought it was cool when he figured out how to bend and then rip open an aluminum can, tearing it into a sharp edge... (paragraph 3) Doing this could easily be used to injure, or even kill the pilots allowing a highjacker to gain access to the controls and boom September 11th all over again. A scalding hot pot of coffee could be used to burn and incapacitate the pilots, causing control of the aircraft to be put in the hands of evil. Even a fire extinguisher could be used to blind and then bludgeon a pilot to death resulting in the same situations. The list goes on and on. I think an armed and trained pilot would give the advantage to the crew in any of these situations. The cockpit is the heart and soul of an airliner. Instruments, radios, engine controls, flight management systems, Global Positioning Systems, and most important the flight controls. The flight controls are referred to as the stick and rudder. These basically steer the aircraft up, down, left, and right. This portion of the aircraft is the most vital and should be the least accessible part of an airliner. This small room houses everything that controls an airplane and should be defended at all costs and any measures. A gun in the cockpit would do just that. A lot of people say, including Secretary of ...

Produce a report comparing the methodological approaches undertaken by Essay

Produce a report comparing the methodological approaches undertaken by the authors from two peer reviewed journal articles - Essay Example Numerous researches have been conducted and are being conducted in various fields of studies. If a person wants to know some new thing of certain issue or enhance his/her knowledge regarding some commonly known issues, then indulging himself/herself in through research regarding the issue of his/her concern would be the best thing. It will also help others to know about certain things. However, conducting research is not an easy thing. A systematic way has to be adopted to obtain reliable and viable results. A research method comprises of various steps. There are also different kinds of research methodology. Methodology of researched vary according to the purpose and objective of researches. This paper will put its focus on comparing the methodological approaches undertaken by the authors from two peer reviewed journal articles. For the purpose of this study, two articles should be chosen from same field of research otherwise comparison of the methodologies will not be quite helpful. Various kinds of researches can be conducted in the same field of study and hence methods also differ on the basis of purpose of the studies irrespective of the field of study. In this paper a particular topic area has been chosen. The topic area under consideration is impacts of holding the world cup in a country, the pros and cons. The two research articles chosen for the present study belong to the topic area selected for the present purpose. The prodigious sport events have become so much demanding and super popular throughout the globe both for both the developed and developing countries in terms of property and possessions (Swart and Bob 2009). Hosting mega events like Olympic, the FIFA World Cup or World Cup Cricket, World Cup Rugby, World Cup Hockey, FA Cup and other mega sports events bring up some significant the long living on the hosting countries. It has been a kind of norm that Economists have been very skeptical about hosting very big events such as the Olympic Games or the World Cup, or the FA Cup because these events have reasonable costing scale and seem to have tangible benefits. These doubts are seldomly used by policy makers and the population who remains very excited about such events. Very often people talk about economic impacts of hoisting mega sports events. By the help of different trade models various researches have shows that hosting such big events do have a positive impact on national exports. Statistically, this effect is robust, large and permanent for countries who host such mega events. Also there are phenomenon where unsuccessful bids to host such events like Olympics have a similar positive effect on national exports. Here it can be said that the effect of mega sports events have a positive impact on trade wherein they send a signal that countries will have higher profit margin more in bidding to host the games rather than actually going out carrying out the mega events. But it is not very clear how this large effect on t rade can be reconciled with the fall in GDP. Most probably, there is a signaling effect and a winners’ curse effect that works out over here. However, the effect of hosting mega sports events is not only limited to economical factors. The impacts can be economical, foundational, environmental or social. The impacts can be good or bad. It is really interesting to examine the impacts of hosting

Information Sources Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Information Sources Analysis - Essay Example Employees can take organization to the mountains of success and can even lead down like a desert and plain area. The main challenge in front of the organizations is to make potential employees aware of their company as a good place to work and to bring best applicants successfully through the recruitment and hiring process, retain them, commitment to them, provide the working environment and the structures to motivate them to give of their best. A Human Resources Information System is a system that lets you keep track of all your employees and information about them. It is usually done in a database or, more often, in a series of inter-related databases. An Information System (IS) is the system of persons, data records and activities that process the data and information in a given organization, including manual processes or automated processes. The computer-based information systems are the field of study for Information technologies (IT); however these should be treated as a part o f them because they are always involved in. It is the term given to the discipline focused on the integration of computer systems with the aims and objectives on an organization. Development tools and Management tools assists executives and the general workforce in performing any tasks related to the processing of information. These systems are especially useful in the collation of business data and the production of reports to be used as tools for decision-making. Hence they are used as the effective decision making tools. With computers being as ubiquitous as they are today, there's hardly any business that does not rely extensively on there IT systems. However, there are several specific fields in which it has become invaluable. The role of information technology in the various fields of human resource management and marketing are discussed below. Strategy Support Information system and human resource are the two core departments of any organization. The benefits that an organization can get from their existence and mutual cooperation are enormous. While computers cannot create business strategies by themselves they can assist human resources in understanding the effects of their strategies, and help enable effective decision-making. These systems can be used to transform data into information useful for decision-making. Computers with the help of employees can provide financial statements and performance reports to assist in the planning, monitoring and implementation of strategy. These systems provide a valuable function in that they can collate into coherent reports and unmanageable volumes of data that would otherwise be broadly useless to decision makers. By studying these reports decision-makers can identify patterns and trends currently in the market. Thus information system help in creating value based strategically policies through the appropriate placing and implemented the HR policies. The use of modern technology like biometrics in which figure prints of an employee can be stored and converted into useful biometric data which can be used as a security measure. It also ensures